Ict in Language Teaching

ICT IN LANGUAGE TEACHING Introduction: English is the dominant language of the Internet. A large proportion of the educational software produced in the world market is in English. For developing countries in the Asia-Pacific where English language proficiency is not high, this represents a serious barrier to maximizing the educational benefits of the World Wide Web. Icts In Language Teaching: Technology is in-built in language teaching. The latest technology available to the language teacher is the computer. Many examples of the use of ICTs can be introduced in language teaching. Here a few, ?Word processing Composing documents and presentations ?Information and communication ?Speech Recoginition And Synthesis ?Multimedia and languages ?E-learning ?Chatting ?Skype or Voip Service ?Online Teaching ?Web –Based Learning Word processing: The most common application of ICT in languages is word processing, to create, for example, letters and other documents. Ability to use a word pr ocessor is necessary in today’s society. Computer provides a better alternative for people using typewriters. There are clear advantages of using a word processor compared to the usual method of writing on paper or typing with a typewriter.Student should appreciate the use of a word processor and be encouraged to use it for most writing tasks. Teachers can create cloze reading tests like i. Texts with missing words ii. Words missing punctuation iii. Plural or tense endings iv. Arranging a story in chronological order v. Completing a story or vi. An outline for students to complete. Composing documents and presentations: Students can be taught to compose documents and make presentations. They can use texts and graphics in their presentations. They should know to convert data into appropriate graphics presentations.They should be able to produce simple web pages with text and graphics. Information and communication: In an information society, Students can get information quickl y from appropriate sources and they can exchage an information and collaborate speedily with others throughout the world. With the increasing use of the Internet, it is necessary that students have a clear but critical understanding of the possibilities of the World Wide Web. Students should know the various sources of information available to them and how to access these.There is considerable amount of information on the internet about writers and books; databases, reviews, opinions, and so on. This ready access will change the nature of language teaching because this information is so easy to access. Speech Recoginition And Synthesis: Students should be given the right software, so that they can compare their own pronunciations with those of a synthesized model, both orally and visually. Language laboratories are very useful in learning a foreign language. Multimedia and languages: Students can create their own multimedia software, to help in their learning of a foreign language.T hus Students can the language in a playful way. E-learning: E-learning is defined as an interactive learning in which the learning content is available online and provides automatic feedback to the students learning activities. Online communication with real people may or may not be included, but the focus of e-learning is usually more on the learning content than on communication between learners and tutors. E-learning could be viewed as an Online descendant of computer– based training(CBT) and computer– aided instruction (CAI). Goals and benefits of e-learning: . Improved performance: Higher education in Online learning is generally better than in face-to-face courses. 2. Increased access: Students can share their knowledge across borders, allowing students to across physical, political and economic boundaries. 3. Convenience and flexibility to learners: Learners are not bound to a specific day or time to physically attend classes. They can also pause learning sessio ns at their convenience. The high technology is not necessary for all Online courses. Basic internet access, audio and video capabilities are common requriments.Depending on the technology used, Students can begin their courses while at work and finish them at home on a different computer. 4. To develop the literacy skills and competencies needed in this present century: E-learning enables learners to develop the literacy skills knowledged- based workers by embedding the use of ICT’s within the curriculum. Chatting: Chatting is another great tool for Online Teaching, especially for a small virtual conference with one or a few students for a seminar. The audio and video components of some of the chat programs offer even more advantages.Students can use one of the free chat programs such as Yahoo messenger or MSN but they are often part of an Educational Delivery Application. Skype or Voip Service: The Online telephone services are great for teaching online language classes. A lot of online teachers use services like Skype but students often use their mobile phone so they can take a call anywhere. Online Teaching: Online teaching refers to the process of tutoring within an online virtual environment or networked environment where teachers and learners are separated by time and space.There are many terms for online education. Some of them are: 1. virtual education. 2. Internet- based education. 3. Web- based education. 4. Computer- mediated communication (CMC) Tutor is an academic, lecturer or professor who has responsibility for teaching in a degree or diploma programme in a university or vocational teaching and learning setting. In this instance the teacher requires excellent online communication skills to guide students who may study totally online without face- to- face contact with the tutor.It also focuses on achieving goals of independent learning, learner autonomy, self- reflection, knowledge construction, group based learning and discussion. It in volves five stages. They are, 1. Access and motivation 2. Online socialization 3. Information exchange 4. Knowledge construction 5. Development. Web –Based Learning: Web –Based Learning is associated with learning materials delivered in a Web browser, including the materials packaged on CD- ROM. Online learning is associated with content readily accessible on a computer.The content may be on the Web or the internet, or simply installed on a CD- ROM or the computer hard disk. Web –Based Learning entails content in a Web browser and actual learning materials delivered in a Web format. In this, Web –Based Learning is analogous to textbooks, where the content determines whether a book is a novel, a report, or a textbook. Simply offering computer -based training (CBT) for download from a Website is not Web –Based Learning since there is no learning content in Web format. Web browsing the learning content is the key feature of Web –Based Learning. Web –Based Learning content is typically retrieved from a Website. For instance, some Web –Based Learning offerings operate from CD- ROM and many are offered on dual format: Website and CD- ROM. The CD- ROM solution is typically associated with situations where network access may not be available or practical, like in schools lacking internet access or in the midst of a military conflict. Benefits of Web –Based Learning: 1. Access is available anytime, anywhere, around the globe: Students access information whether they are working from home or from office. . Per-Student equipment costs are affordable: Almost any computer today equipped with a modem and free browser software can access the internet or a private intranet. The cost of set up is relatively low. 3. Student tracking is made easy: WBT enables the data to be automatically tracked on the server- computer. Thus students can easily implement the powerful Student tracking systems. 4. Content is easily upda ted: WBT is a simple matter of copying the updated files from a local developers computer onto the server- computer.The real disadvantage of WBT, is the lack of human contact, which greatly impacts learning. WBT is better than the CD- ROM learning in this regard. Students can use their Web connection to e-mail other students,post comments on message boards, or use chat rooms and videoconference links to communicate live. With higher speed connections and improved conferencing software, one day Students around the world will be able to communicate in real time with each other through full- screen video. Using Web- based training, like all other delivery media, has advantages and disadvantages.One of the greatest challenges in ICT use in education is balancing educational goals with economic realities. ICTs in education programs require large capital investments and developing countries need to be prudent in making decisions about what models if ICT use will be introduced and to be co nscious of maintaining economies of scale. CONCLUSION: Thus ICTs are a powerful and useful teaching tool in the hands of a resourceful teacher. ICTs help a learner in learning any aspect of language such as vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, composition, etc. It motivates learner to learn foreign language and literature.

Lord of the Flies Analysis Essay

Golding’s novel and its exploration of temptation on a deserted island can be examined within a broader understanding of mankind and social order. Patrick Reilly from the University of Iowa Press states, â€Å"Lord of the Flies depicts the disintegration of a society whose members play rather than work. † (Reilly 138-61) The inclination to give in to temptation is depicted in biblical passages as far back as Adam and Eve. When they are told not to eat an apple from the tree of knowledge, they do so anyway because temptation drives them. Temptation can also be witnessed in the modern world. Even within a structured society that upholds rules and boundaries, the urge to act on impulse is inevitable. For example, people that cheat on their husbands or wives may be tempted by jealousy, revenge, and excitement. They can resist, but the drive to cheat is too strong for some. Even minor infractions such as speeding to get to work on time stem from temptation. Overall, temptation and its consequences play a huge role in societal behavior, and there is no way to evade it. â€Å"He began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling. (Golding 64) This powerful quote describes Jack immediately before he brutally murders a nursing sow. Bloodlust, defined as a desire for bloodshed, and temptation, the craving to have or do something that should be avoided alters Jack’s mind. The pigs that the boys hunt and kill in Golding’s novel Lord of The Flies represent how temptation can lead one into savagery and bloodlust. As early as chapter one, temptation arises because of the basic need to eat and survive. The group is reluctant to kill a pig, let alone draw blood from a living thing. Their sense of morals is strong, and Jack is unable to kill the first pig they encounter. Golding states, â€Å"He raised his arm in the air. There came a pause†¦the blade continued to flash at the end of a bony arm. The pause was only long enough for them to understand what an enormity the downward stroke would be. The piglet tore loose from the creepers and scurried into the undergrowth. † (31) This shows that Jack was uncertain whether or not to kill the pig and missed his chance. When questioned about his hesitancy, Jack defends himself by stating â€Å"I was going to†¦I was choosing a place. Next time–! † (Golding 31) However the boys recognize the truth. Jack doesn’t kill the pig because he cannot bear to see a living creature bleed and die. As time on the island passes, temptation to hunt and kill grows. Before the pig hunt in chapter 4, the boys decide to paint their faces with island shrubbery to conceal themselves. As shown in this quote, they feel â€Å"liberated from shame and self-consciousness† (Golding 64) The group is still uneasy at the thought of bloodshed and must hide behind their masks to finally kill a pig. The mask compelled them† (Golding 64) After this pig hunt, a change from civilization to primitivism, from good to evil begins to take place. Golding states, â€Å"There were lashings of blood†, said Jack laughing and shuddering, â€Å"you should have seen it!†¦ We’ll go hunting everyday—â€Å" (69-70) Each subsequent pig hunt gets increasingly violent and savage. Even Ralph, who has resisted what he believes to be immoral, now eagerly participates. Golding writes, â€Å"Ralph talked on excitedly. ‘I hit him all right. The spear stuck in. I wounded him! ’ He sunned himself in their new respect and felt that hunting was good after all. (Golding 113) After hitting the boar on the snout with the spear, he is overwhelmed with exhilaration and takes pride in himself by gloating. Ralph’s conscience is deteriorating as his primal urges begin to surface. The ensuing hunts are no longer about survival and basic human needs. Instead, violence, savagery, and bloodlust are the motivators. Golding writes, â€Å"The sow staggered her way ahead of them, bleeding and mad, and the hunters followed, wedded to her in lust, excited by the long chase and the dropped blood. † (135) As savagery escalates, the boy’s behavior becomes increasingly demented and uncalled for. For example, one of the killed pigs is offered to the beast. Jack decapitates the pig’s head and places it on a spear as depicted in the following quote; â€Å"This head is for the beast. It’s a gift. † (Golding 137) The head soon rots and becomes covered with flies and insects. It becomes the â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, a symbol of evil and temptation. It also depicts the deterioration of the group. As the head rots and becomes corrupt, so do the boys. Caught up in this violent escapade, the boys forget to watch the fire and miss a crucial chance of rescue. In Chapter 9 the boys are in a complete frenzy during a monstrous storm. They are delusional and murder Simon in blind rage, believing he is the beast. As shown in The Lord of the Flies, temptation for power, for control, and to do evil leads to destruction, savagery, and grief. Skylar Burris informs us that Golding delivered a lecture on his personal explanation for the collapse of a civilization. She reports that Golding believes the breakdown is due to the inherent evil present within all human beings (Burris 1). Golding’s view of man’s basic instinct toward evil and the vicious nature of temptation is a powerful theme.

Skill Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Skill Development - Essay Example The essay "Skill Development" talks about the managerial skills development through the analysis of a number of articles and books on a related subject. The process of employee motivation is very significant to any firm. Therefore, in order to get the desired outcomes, it is important to motivate employees for the work they do. This will make them more committed to their work and eventually will lead to high production and good performance. Employee motivation is essential because it ensures that human resource is active in order to accomplish organization goals and objectives. It also leads to the establishment of the friendly relationship among workers. Cooperation in any organization leads to stability and reduces organizational unrest and disputes. Employee development is also an important part that needs to be improved because I discovered that employees display job performance behaviors in part to improve their self-image, especially when their role is not clearly defined in the organization. The effect of these behaviors on managerial reward recommendation decisions should be powerful when managers believe the employees to be more committed to their work. I found out that poor performance could not be attributed to human nature but to an imperfect work system. Managers should realize that employees want self-control, self-direction, seeks and accepts responsibility, thus there was the need to have a strong employee development skill as this would establish a culture of accountability in the organization.

LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND COMMUNICATION Assignment

LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND COMMUNICATION - Assignment Example The goal of the speaker was to show how negatively we can use the word ‘I Am’ and delivered the message to use it positively. Pastor Joel Osteen kept the audience alive by putting a little smile on their face. He used many non-verbal skills to become the main and only focus of the audience. His gestures and facial expressions were eye catching and added more meaning to the message he wanted to deliver. Kinesics during a speech enhances the meaning of the objective and conveys the message more powerfully. In the speech ‘The Power of I Am’, the participants belonged to different race, culture, class and gender. As it was a sermon there was no racial discrimination and no class differences were seen in this video. It was a very large but well behaved and organised crowd with people from all walks of life were enjoying the speech. Men and women were together as the speech did not belong to a specific gender but was for the purpose of bringing positivity in the life of everyone. The language dialect quiz is conducted to find out about the geographical point of origin of the people who have taken this quiz. The issues that can arise during a conversation because of different accents and different terminologies will be observed from this quiz. The provided link for the quiz was conducted and a big difference was noticed between the two participant with whom the quiz was held. The participants mostly had different terminologies for words and few terms used by two different individuals were not known to each other. They had different words for the same thing and were not aware of the existence of each other’s word. They had polar accents and it was proved from the very first question of the quiz as both the participants used different pronunciations for the words. From the result of this quiz it is analysed the people belonging to different regions have

Industry and Labor Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industry and Labor Relations - Assignment Example Moreover in Virginia which traditionally had been dominated by agriculture and commodities had had an economy that was less likely to be dominated by unionized workers. Q#2- The challenges and opportunities that are faced when dealing with labor practice are varied between different professions and economic entities insofar as all organizations conduct different initiatives to help improve their competitiveness. In the American context one could argue that one challenge would be better integration of professionals from different fields (Metalworkers and carpenters for example) to better integrate their practices to ensure a better building project. However the challenge associated with this would be that different stakeholders have different needs tan the accommodation of these needs may be challenging for human resource professionals. Q#3- Globalization is the integration of different economies, societies, countries etc. through improved communication techniques, trade and less expe nsive transportation. The way in which globalization has had an impact on labor practices is that it has in effect made labor practices more transparent.

Social work-- Self Help Group Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social work-- Self Help Group Report - Essay Example After graduating from High School we went to different colleges as he wanted to be an architect while I wanted to study medicine. Though our friendship continued, I was dismayed to find that Angelo had suffered a bad setback due to his drinking habit which he had started after he broke up with his girlfriend. Ever since that time he had only gone deeper into the habit which he could not seem to get rid of. It was a Sunday afternoon on the 7th of September and the time was about 2 pm. When we shifted the listless Angelo to the Alcohol Anonymous Department which was located in the heart of the city of Austin about an hours drive from where we lived. Angelo had a light temperature, was restless and blabbered in his delirium. We had phoned the hospital and they were waiting for us to arrive. On arrival they quickly moved Angelo to a stretcher which they wheeled into an emergency room. I reassured Angelo’s mother that everything would be fine and while waiting there made an observation of everything around. The first thing that struck me was the sad and anxious faces of parents and loved ones who had accompanied their dear ones here and waited in anticipation for the advice of the doctors and nurses who did their work with such dedication. I was quite familiar with the surroundings because a few years back I had accompanied another friend of mine who had a problem with alcohol abuse but was now over it. The people at the center were by and large a mixed group of both men and women between the ages of about 16 to 60 years old. Some had accompanied their children while others accompanied their husbands or wives. Most of the crowd present seemed to come from an affluent background but there were also others who came from a much lower social class. A good majority of people came from an ethnic background such as African, Vietnamese and Chinese. Everyone was going out of their way to help one another because

Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Famine, Affluence, and Morality - Essay Example From this study it is clear that poverty leads to low standards of living while most civil wars normally lead to increased number of refugees running for safety from the neighboring countries. In the reporter's view, this is problems, which can be prevented if people become morally upright where they put humanity before greed and money. Again, he believes that rich nations are not helping enough to take care of the current situation in helping the affected countries in various parts of the world. Although it is not their responsibility to help the poor and suffering nations, he believes they should take it as their mandate to give guidelines on how various issues and dilemmas should be handled they arise. For instance, in cases of civil wars, representatives from the international humanitarian bodies should take responsibility of calling upon the warring leaders and bring them on board to discuss and get a permanent solution to end the wars.This essay stresses that  the parliament representatives whom we elected to represent our interest to the government are not doing enough to change the current situation. As evident in most developing countries, most of them forgot the needs of people who elected in the first place once they get into the parliament. This is because they are not asking much from the government in terms assistance to help the affected persons.  They are not holding enough demonstrations with the members of the public to make their interests and needs known by the national government.

Legal and financial environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal and financial environment - Essay Example The contracts should also define the working hours and the leaves an employee should get. Moreover, any related employment policies such as anti-bribery laws make part of the contract. The rules and regulation relating the job assigned needs explicit statements. The relationship between the employer and the employee needs clarity. Nevertheless, the employee should know the ground in which issues such as dismissal, resigning from works occur. Moreover, the contract should define the expectations of the employer from the employees. That way, confusion would be minimal in that the employees will focus on what they are expected of to facilitate achieving the company’s goals and objectives (Cipd.co.uk, 2015). The U.K employment laws prohibit laws that discriminate in any way against any individual when making job advertisements. Some of the general rules that Grace and tailor should follow to avoid accusations during advertising and recruiting are mentioned below. First, the job advert must not imply or state that there will be discrimination of anyone. For instance, it should not imply that the company does not prefer workers with a disability. The use of a common phrase like â€Å"averagely experience† or â€Å"fresh graduates† is inappropriate. The platform where one advertises may also imply indirect discrimination, for example, advertising the job in the women’s magazine. Noticeably, specifying the age limit may also involve discrimination. During the recruiting process, the law prohibits the inclusion of date of birth on an application letter. Selecting potential employees for an interview based on age appears to be discriminative. Moreover, the U.K employment laws say that an applicant need not to talk about criminal convictions if any though areas such as schools may not have the rule applying to them. The employer should not use the membership of a trade union to influence the decision to

College personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

College - Personal Statement Example caring and loving grandparents, I always longed for the presence of my own parents and for a lifestyle where I would be able to spend more time with them and share even little details of my day. My grandparents always ensured that my studies would not affected by the irregular working hours of my parents and taught me how to be focused towards the attainment of personal goals. The vacuum of the special bond with my parents never made me bitter about life, rather it always proved to be a driving force for my existence to lead a different life than theirs. After I completed my high school, my parents moved back to my city but it was too late for me to get close to them and nurture our relationship. One day, a fear that often came to my mind became a reality; my parents asked me to join their business. My lonely childhood had already taught me that this decision would not just be a choice of a career, rather a lifestyle that can influence one’s values and ideas due to its demanding nature. I declined their offer and decided to live my life on my own terms while standing on my own feet. Needless to state that their commitment to their business gave me a lifestyle and commendable opportunities to acquire education, however a balance should have been struck between work and personal life to provide their child with the things that money cannot buy. One of the facts that my life has made me believe is that family, friends, hopes and dreams do not accumulate to define us as much as what we do for a living. Everything can be influenced and changed by what we do in the real world to make our presence in the professional life. I aspire to get admission in your esteemed university and prove my own identity and existence which is free from other people’s ideologies. My independent childhood and focused vision has taught me how to organize myself and achieve personal goals. Alongside earning the status of a reputable and successful professional, I want to lead a family

Walls Icecream Parlor Essay Example for Free

Walls Icecream Parlor Essay Wall’s came to Pakistan in 1995 establishing the Wall’s factory on Multan Road in Lahore. Fully equipped with state of the art machinery, the Wall’s factory is a standard of hygiene and technology in the region and has become synonymous with quality. In 1998 Wall’s acquired Polka, a local ice cream manufacturer. Some of the most popular brands loved by the masses were linked to Wall’s making an irresistible combination that few could refuse. Key facts about Wall’s Pakistan: * Wall’s is the market leader of the Pakistani Ice cream market. * All Wall’s products are Halal and are made with Halal ingredients in a Halal compliant manner Ice cream is made from milk, fat and sugar. These are cooled as they are mixed, then whipped to create a light, airy texture. Flavourings, fruit or chocolate are added then the whole mixture is frozen again before packaging. IDEA: The idea is to open an ice-cream parlor under the brand name walls. Ice Cream parlor is a unique opportunity.walls is a very well established brand in Pakistan and will surely have its name in ice-cream parlour. The ice cream parlour will not only give products but also excellent services. The features would be quality, quantity, a lot of flavours plus an additional flavour and sugar free ice creams. They would be at low price compared to competitors. The future plan will be to start a van service in twin cities for consumer’s convenience. Our goal would be to penetrate the market and make good customer relationships by providing great quality and taste. Potential: As already said hat walls is a established and well known brand having many loyal customers so definitely it will be successful as there are so many loyal people to this brand they would love to come and enjoy ice-cream at walls parlor having different kind of atmosphere as well as different types of ice-cream.

Leader Plays An Important Role Management Essay

Leader Plays An Important Role Management Essay Leader plays an important role in the world environment. When any organization whatever wants to be successful, a good leadership is one of the success factors. Leadership is in everywhere. Leadership occurs in our surrounding environment. The main objective of leadership is to achieve a common goal or task with a group of people in the organization together. But the leader may or may not have any power. Leader is being with intangible spirit here to lead the people to accomplish the goals and tasks. The leader should lead the people on the right track. The leadership has been described as a person can complete a common task in the process of social influence, while seeking the aid and support of others. Three of the authority, responsibility, functions and power to perform their duties, the exercise of the functions of a means and conditions to perform their duties, the exercise of their functions is of the essence and core of the leader. However, the leader in order to effectively exercise leadership function alone institutionalized statutory powers is not enough, you must have convincing and to comply with the high degree of authority, have a huge appeal to subordinates, attractive and subtle influence. What is the effective leadership? The aims of this assignment is to explore what the effective leadership is and evaluate the leadership how to make impact on a matter such as followers, organizations, and relationships and so on. Definition of leadership First of all, now note that what the definition of leadership is. In fact, leadership is not a clearly defined and its definition of each person can be different. So here quote some representative definitions and as the following: Leadership is the behavior of an individual when he is directing the activities of a group toward a shared goal. (Hemphill Coons, 1957, p.7) Leadership is interpersonal influence, exercised in a situation, and directed, through the communication process, toward the attainment of a specified goal or goals. (Tannenbaum, Weschler, Massarik, 1961, p.24) Leadership is the influential increment over and above mechanical compliance with the routine directives of the organization. (Katz Kahn, 1978, p.528) Leadership is a process of giving purpose (meaningful direction) to collective effort, and causing willing effort to be expended to achieve purpose. (Jacobs Jaques, 1990, p.281) According to the above definition of leadership, leadership is two-way relationship and a chain reaction with followers. Leadership is a process to guide the followers to accomplish a common goal or task. In the process, leader and followers will get satisfied through communicate with each other. The leadership has influence for followers to work together to complete the instruction. Leadership has collective power of solidarity toward meaningful direction. Followership Style To be effective leadership, followership is an important relationship. It is because followership and leadership are a two-way relationship, which constantly touch each other. Better leadership and better followership and vice versa. In addition to the leader personal capacity, how to attract followers to follow is one of the most critical factors in the relations of good leadership. Bass (1990) points out, leadership and followership are mutual activities of influence and counter-influence, since both stimulate and reinforce the others behavior. In modern enterprises, an effective follower has not to be always following somebodys advice and to be dead set the simple dedication. Followers should have the following qualities: critical and independent thinking, proactive work attitude, willing to take responsibility determination, the courage to dare to challenge the authority of the self-management ability. These characteristics make the followers become the core strength of the company, so that they become the organization efficient fundamental. Leadership effectiveness As above mention, followership and leaderships relationship cannot separate. For the leadership, in different situation have different approach to apply into it. There are diagram to show the stages of leadership theory and research as the following: Here are several of leadership approaches to express how to make effective leadership. This report will focus on trait approach, situation approach and new leadership approach to explore these approaches how to affect an effective leadership. Trait Approach Trait theory suppose that leaders have some common characteristics, such as psychological, personality and sociological to determine its effectiveness. The example of the psychological characteristics involved intelligence and charisma. The sociological characteristics involved level of education and status of social economic class. The trait theory focuses on the requirements of demand or a variety of circumstances between the leader and the followers. The trait approach is the earliest and you can understand the success of leadership and is concentrated in the leaders personal characteristics or personality. Based on assumption, leaders are born, not made. How can distinguish the leaders? There are too many traits. So here choose a few of the more important traits that a success leader needed to discuss. Intelligence Intelligence has been identified as an effective leadership of the most important factors. An effective leadership has to clear analysis of the force. A good intelligence can help leader to rise up his power of analysis. When face the mission, leader can use his intelligence to work well and organize the group member to accomplish the mission. As based on assumption, leaders are born, not made. Intelligence cannot be acquired through efforts and by congenital got it. Leaders have good verbal skills, perception and reasoning. Self-confidence Self-confidence is one of the critical traits of leaders characteristics to effective leadership. A persons ability and skills have a certain capacity. It includes self-respect, self-affirmation, and believe that they can make a difference. Leaders have ability to influence others. This is very important. Determination Leaders have eager to get this job done. It includes active, persistent advantage. The aggressive leaders have ability to adhere to oppose obstacles. Integrity Honest and trustworthy. Adhere to a set of principles, solid strength, and take responsibility for their own behavior. Ethical leadership and inspire other peoples confidence. They do what they say, how do we do. They are reliable, loyal and not a lie. Sociability This is the tendency of leaders to seek a pleasant social relationship. Leaders full of friendly, cheerful, polite, tactful, and diplomatic. They have to take care of others and well-being. Leader do not need to have all trait to demonstrate themselves are effective leadership. As proprietor know, no one is perfect. For example, the 42nd president of United States William Jefferson Clinton (hereinafter referred to as Clinton). Clinton to attend various speaking engagements in term, his presentation skill showed his self-confidence and to attract followers. And his excellent interpersonal skill makes the United States to be in a leadership position under his leadership. Although the sex scandal happened in his time, but Clintons personal charm makes others to support him. Clintons public support rate is 65% to end off his time. That is a new record after World War II U.S. President. Different angles of trait approach in organization Strengths Weakness Give some benchmarks Intuitively appealing a century of research Too straight delimit No take situation in case Not useful way for develop leadership Transactional leadership and Transformational leadership These two approaches also use in motivate and encourage followers to achieve whether long-term or short-term goals or tasks in their expectation. These two approaches are feasible, which depend on followers is belong to which one of followers. Transactional leadership: The leaders agree that the followers want and like to help them achieve their goals in order to satisfy their getting from efforts. Thats means leaders and subordinates in an exchange relationship. The leader through substantial reward to clarify subordinates should play a role and mission requirements. When the subordinates finish their scheduled task, the leader will give them what they wanted money or material rewards as exchange. Just like Bass views, he generally defines transactional leadership behavior for three components as the follow: Rewarded and the use of incentives and team awards, the clarification of the impact of work motivation. Under the supervision and corrective measures to ensure that the work to proceed effectively. Added by Bass and his colleagues (Bass Avolio, 1990; Yammarino Bass, 1990), penalties and other corrective measures, including the use of significantly deviate from the standard of acceptable performance. Transformational leadership: Leaders have the ability to inspire and motivate followers to achieve the schedule effect, even greater than expected. Transformational leadership emphasizing the constructivism vision and actively get subordinates agree on the vision. The leader help subordinates to view their own values and beliefs and help them to develop amazing potential. Subordinates are with the leaders to achieve the vision and to complete the impossible task. Next, Bass further proposed four elements of transformational leadership which included charismatic leadership, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulus and individual consideration. On the above mention, give an example, the former coach of Chinese national womens volleyball team Chen Chung Wong. He led the Chinese womens volleyball team won the champion of a number of major competitions. He encouraged the volleyball team to play out the potential of the different personalities of the players. In the dynamic competition, he and his team members goal is also to win the champion. He use transformation approach to lead his ball team and he was successful. He was able to influence his followers and achieve the goal, so he did an effective leadership. Transactional leadership versus Transformational leadership Item Transactional leadership Transformational leadership Essence To the interests of the lure Spiritual encouragement Behavior Emphasis on individual performance Inspire potential, attention to overall objectives Applicable situation Stable environment Well-structured task Routine work Subordinates belongs to passive, do not like to work and irresponsibly Dynamic, changeable environment Low degree of task structure Non-routine, requiring subordinates decision task Subordinates belongs to active, positive potential Performance Completion of leaders matters assigned Completion of impossible challenging mission Transactional leadership and transformational leadership are dissimilar but not mutually exclusive. The same leader will use these two different methods of leadership approach in different times and in different circumstances. These types of leaders to guide or encourage their followers to achieve that target in the direction and the leader plays a clear role and knows clear task requirements. Transactional leadership and transformational leadership should not be seen as competing methods to get things done. So, if you are a good transactional leadership, but there is no change in the quality, you may only be a banal leader. The best leaders are mixed up transactional leadership and transformational leadership. Situational Leadership In the leadership and management of the company or team cannot use unchangeable methods. And have to change the approach of leadership and management when the situation and rapidly changes in the environmental context and the different of employees. The management was focus on the leader. Here is a diagram of situational leadership applies the following leadership behaviors: http://www.firefightingincanada.com/images/stories/CFF%2007/JAN/leadershipchart.jpg Situational leadership model for employees in specific job the employee growth process is divided into four stages: Directing (S1) the leaders just told the followers how to do it. Just give direction for followers. Thats low supportive and high directive. If an employee lack of experience to perform tasks, such as a new employee. In this case, his leadership has to give him a direction to help him to accomplish the task. In this situation, directing leadership will be effective. Coaching (S2) the leaders provides information and direction. There is more to communicate with followers. This style more interactive. So thats high supportive and directive. In some situation, coaching leadership will be effective. For example, when a low-level subordinate has certain ability, but do not have the needed skills, knowledge and information. And he lack of motivation to do the task. Coaching leadership will be suitable for these employees. Supporting (S3) the leaders pay more attention to the relationship rather than direction. Leaders and team work and share decision-making responsibility. Thats high supportive and low directive. When a senior-level subordinates do not work hard because of production capacity or personal reasons. The leader gives more support that will make him work hard again. In this situation, supporting leadership will be effective. Delegating (S4) leadership on followers or group most of the responsibility. The leaders also monitor progress, but their participation in decision-making. Thats low supportive and directive. This style has more freedom to work in this stage. For a senior-level subordinates have all the skills to carry out a less risk and no more time limited task and also have an internal backup support case. In this situation, delegating leadership will be effective. Relative to the four different stages of the employees, the leadership should take four different style of leadership. Four leadership styles for different stages included directing, coaching, supporting and delegating leadership style. When the employees in the first phase of S1, leaders have to take informed style to guide and instruct employees; when employees in the second stage of S2, leaders have to take marketing formula to explain the work to persuade employees; when the employees in the third stage of S3, leaders should adopt a participatory to motivate employees and help employees to solve problems. At the end of stage of S4, leaders will have to take authorization and delivered to employees, leader simply for the monitoring and inspection work. Conclusion In the conclusion, we can know that no matter in which environment, leadership always around our life. In the organization, leaders leadership skills can affect the employees behavior even the organization holder. In the life, everyone have leader to lead us. A good effective leadership should have good influence for their followers. An effective leadership must be personal charm to influence and motivate followers; should be master and applied scenically incentives and should have good basic quality such as good communication skills. The different stages of development and scale should adopt a different style of leadership. With the continuous development and changes in the environment, leadership approach also should be transformed into an effective leadership style. A good leader should be based on the different stages of company development, size of organization and management object at any time to adjust their leadership style and approach. Finally, leadership is in everywhere.