Timaeus essays

Timaeus essays R.G. Bury. Timaeus: The Loeb Classical Library, Vol. IX. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1989. Platos Timaeus was written in an attempt to make sense of the beginnings of time, of the world, as we know it. It is an attempt to describe how the world came into being. It is important to note that even Plato states that this is only a likely account(53). Nonetheless, it is an excellent summary of Platonic philosophy and was extremely influential in later years over the ancient and mediaeval world. To the modern reader, such as a college student, it proves to be quite obscure and repulsive, but interesting just the same. Plato first argues that since the sensible world is that which is becoming always and never existent(49) it must have come to be. Therefore, the world must have some for of cause, a cause to be. He refers to the cause as the maker and father of the universe(51) as well as the Mind(109) and God(127) later in the work. It is very common to hear Platos god referred to as the Demiurge, which literally means craftsman. Now then, since the Demiurge was depicted as good, he desired that, so far as possible, all things should be good and nothing evil(55). This is where Plato begins to describe the qualities of the universe that the Demiurge is creating. The deductions that Plato makes involving the forming of the universe shows his optimism concerning humankind. He views humankind as formed for the greater good of the universe. The world created by the Demiurge is alive, intelligent, eternal, and good, and therefore it is a blessed god(65). It just so happens that along with the influence of the Demiurge there was another factor at work. Plato refers to this as the Errant Cause(111). It is apparent that this other principle could be likened to the mother of the cosmos, sense t ...

The French Expression Cest le pied

The French Expression Cest le pied The French expression cest le pied means that something is great, terrific. This positive meaning of pied is left over from old slang, in which it referred to ones share of the loot. Cest le pied can also be negated: ce nest pas le pied and- even more familiarly- cest pas le pied mean its no good, no picnic, no fun. Ne is often dropped in informal/familiar French. Expression: Cest le piedPronunciation: [say leu pyay]Meaning: its greatLiteral translation: its the footRegister: familiar Examples of Using Cest le Pied Tu dois voir ma nouvelle bagnole - cest le pied  !   Ã‚  Ã‚  Youve got to see my new car - its great!   Travailler de nuit, ce nest pas le pied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Working nights is no picnic. Synonymous expression: quel pied ! (But be careful, because that can also mean what an idiot! Context is everything.)Related expression: prendre son pied - to get ones kicks, enjoy doing (particularly when talking about sex)

Physical security and risk assessment of the alfred p.murrah building Term Paper

Physical security and risk assessment of the alfred p.murrah building - Term Paper Example A commission was formed to deal with rectifications of the existing principles that had been used to direct the construction of the Murray building. It was found that use of beam columns provided the highest degree of vulnerability in the event of explosion attacks thus the propping up of three edge bond with all having completely diverse technique. First there was the pre-Northridge moment-resisting bond was looked into. This majorly looked at three distinct areas that might create points of weakness. These are the preliminary error extent, beam susceptibility to succumb to pressure and finally the fracture strength that the fused parts contained was put into perspective. Second model put into question the independent manner of each element then later on putting together these elements to have them form one strong connection. These elements were the T-stub, panel zone and the shear tab. Those already built buildings that were constructed by method of riveting the joints, it was deci ded that an alternative better method be used. This method had to withstand earthquakes and the uneven constricting and none rigid nature in the joint section as well as the caternary action. The pre-Northridge moment-resisting frames degree of success was gauged by mean-centered deterministic technique as well as the likelihood technique according to Goldstein (2010). First a resolving reviewing of frames with complete and incomplete force wielded T-stub joint was put to test having in mind three beam spans from both bearings. Buildings that were initially built and had unsupported concrete mixture as well as unsupported brickwork infill plates were looked into. To achieve the need for comparative simple method for the preliminary vulnerability assessment, an energy-oriented nonlinear fixed pushdown analysis method was developed. This method offers a different procedure of

Hell angels the Motorcycle riders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hell angels the Motorcycle riders - Essay Example It was not long before other chapters throughout California were established and the group gained increasing prominence. During these early years the insignia and many membership elements were established (Winterhalder 2005). Today for an individual to become a member of the Hell’s Angels they must be a white male, have a driver’s license, an American made working motorcycle, and can never have applied to be a police officer or prison guard (Winterhalder 2005). Similar to the mafia there are a highly structured variety of stages an individual must progress through – including hang around, associate, and prospect stages – before becoming a fully-fledged member (Winterhalder 2005). Today there are over one hundred chapters of the Hell’s Angels. Surprisingly these chapters are not limited to the United States, but are spread out over 29 countries globally, with the first international chapter established in New Zealand in 1961 (Winterhalder 2005). While the members of Hell’s Angels contend they make great contributions to society, they have also been involved in a high number of criminal incidents. Perhaps the most seminal incident occurred at the 1969 Altamont Free Concert, a free Rolling Stones concert (Lavigne 2010). The Hell’s Angels were hired as security for the event, but during one incident greatly overstepped their bounds and killed one of the concertgoers. This incident is only the most publicized in a long-history of criminal incidents. In recent years the Hell’s Angels were involved in a shooting in Sparks, Nevada. Jeffrey Pettigrew, president of the San Jose chapter, was shot in the back two times by members of a rival gang (Lavigne 2010). In 2002 another incident occurred in Nevada. Referred to the River Run Riot the Hell’s Angels engaged in physical conflict on the casino floor (Lavigne 2010). This incident

September 1913 Essay Example for Free

September 1913 Essay Unlike some of his earlier work, this poem adopts a new tone and style which expresses a hatred for the Catholic Bourgeoisie. [2] Yeats new use of unpleasant adjectives such as greasy is very much indicative of the tone, as he expresses that religion and the middle class is crafty and sly. Moreover, the use of the strong ABAB rhyme scheme maintains a spiteful and accusatory tone. The poem focuses on manifesting Yeats new stance of belief exploring his new political mind and celebrating those, whom he believes worth of praise. Notably, in all four of the refrains, Yeats mentions John OLeary, who was an Irish separatist of a different kind. His political stance was much less self-interested, compared with many of Yeats contemporaries, as he instead focused on getting the greatest good for Ireland. It is clear through the poem, Yeats admires this and wishes for a return to the less egotistical and self-driven politics of a bygone era. 3] Yeats does, however, appear to question whether these great historical figures, whom he admired and previously emulated in the style of his earlier work, are comprehensive in their understanding of the world in which they lived. Yeats wrote this poem following the Dublin Lock-Out and The Hugh Lane Bequest. Robert Emmet, mentioned in the poem, planned for a revolution several times, unsuccessfully. When he was finally successful, he was said to try and stop everything mid-rebellion, because he witnessed a man being pulled from his horse and killed. Considering that Emmet had spent months previously manufacturing explosives and weapons, this sudden drawback at the sight of violence, suggests that he did not fully understand the implications of a revolution. Perhaps Yeats is acknowledging the naivety of some Irish Republican figures like Robert Emmet, and himself, following public violence as a result of attempts at revolution.

Joe Conrad :: essays research papers fc

Joseph Conrad was a very talented author. He started writing at the age of thirty-two, and began telling many tales of his life on the sea. In his youth he was a sailor and traveled to many places such as the Orient, and the Congo. It are his experiences on the Congo that serves as his primary source for his story The Heart of Darkness. This book was actually a story of a man, Charles Marlow, telling the story of his experience in Africa. While in Africa, Marlow's attitude towards life changes as can be seen in the following excerpts from the book. "We live in the flicker-may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling!" (68). When Marlow gives that quote, he has not yet started his story. He is on a ship after a bad storm, and is about to begin. This particular quote has a zest to it. It tells one to live every moment to the fullest because life is but a flicker. This quote also tells the reader that Marlow wants to live a long life. After finishing the book, his statement seemed a bit strange because Marlow's tone became less enthusiastic at the end. However, Marlow survived through the experiences he told in his story. If he is still able to look back at his life and say, "may it last as long as the old earth keeps rolling!," then he must make the most out of it, and not let a few bad experiences change his attitude towards it. I couldn't help asking him once what he meant by coming there at all. 'To make money of course. what do you think?' he said, scornfully. Then he got fever, and had to be carried in a hammock slung under a pole...(86) This quote tells the reader much about the type of men that went to Africa. Most went only for the money-not giving a second thought to their health and safety. This particular man got deathly ill, and still was concerned only for money. Conrad was making a statement in this quote that too many people today do things only for money. Nobody works because they have a passion for what they do. People are too willing to put their lives on the line just to make a little money. Marlow was disgusted when the man snapped at him. Marlow he went to Africa because he had desired to do so since he was a little boy. He was an explorer at heart, and did not risk his

Bob and the Troubles of China

Name ________________________ The Odyssey Study Questions- ANSWERS Book One (p. 77-92): 1. What do you see as the attitude of the Gods' towards men? They think men are foolish. They bring most pain and suffering upon themselves. 2. What do you see as the attitude of the Greeks towards hospitality? They take the role of hosts seriously. The Greeks had to open their home, be gracious, and share their food, and drink with their guests. 3. How would you characterize Telemachus at this point? What are his strengths? Telemachus is trying to be a good host and holds himself to a higher set of standards.He is disgusted by the behaviors of the suitors around his home. He cares about the values and morals of the Greeks. 4. What are his weaknesses? He has allowed the suitors to overtake his father’s home. 5. How does Athena plan to affect Telemachus? Athena poses as a man, Mentes (Odysseus’ friend) and enters Telemachus’ home. She tells Telemachus that Odysseus is still ali ve and that he must rid the home of the suitors. 6. What tragic homecoming story do we hear of? How does it relate to the situation in Ithaca? The Achaeans’ Journey Home from Troy.It is the story of Odysseus and his men. 7. Who is Phemius? The bard- he tells stories and entertains. 8. How does Telemachus show strength with Penelope? He confronts her when she is weeping over Odysseus. â€Å"I hold the reins of power in this house† (p. 89) 9. How does this relate to the visit of Athena? Athena helps Telemachus to confront his mother and the suitors- something he would not have done on his own. Athena now sends him on a journey to find his father (Book Two). Book Two (p. 93-106): 1. What is the suitor's attitude towards Penelope's reluctance to choose one of them?The suitors think Penelope is toying with them. They want Telemachus to stand up to his mother and either make her choose a suitor or kick her out. 2. Why do they think it is their right to â€Å"demand† t hat she choose? They think they can demand Penelope choose because she has been leading them on for over three years. Penelope has been weaving a shroud for Laertes. She told the suitors she would choose from among them when she finished the shroud, but the men found out she has been unweaving it at night. 3. What are the two different interpretations of the omen?The omen: two eagles (Zeus’ animal) fly across the sky (p. 98). Interpretation 1: Halitherses says Zeus is saying Odysseus will return home shortly (p. 98). Interpretation 2: Eurymachus says they are just birds, but then offers his own prophecy: Telemachus will be hurt and Halitherses will be fined (p. 99). 4. How does Telemachus respond to the position put forward by Antinous? Antinous wants Telemachus to force his mother to choose and says that Telemachus should forget that he and his mother have been wronged and just feast with the suitors.Telemachus refuses on all accounts. Antinous says Telemachus will die on hi s journey. (p. 102-103) *He lets his nurse (nursemaid) know he is leaving to go to Sparta, but doesn’t want to tell his mother till â€Å"ten or a dozen days have passed / or she misses me herself and learns I’m gone† because â€Å"she mustn’t mar her lovely face with tears† (p. 105). BOOK THREE SUMMARY At Pylos, Telemachus and Mentor (Athena in disguise) witness an impressive religious ceremony in which dozens of bulls are sacrificed to Poseidon, the god of the sea.Although Telemachus has little experience with public speaking, Mentor gives him the encouragement that he needs to approach Nestor, the city’s king, and ask him about Odysseus. Nestor, however, has no information about the Greek hero. He recounts that after the fall of Troy a falling-out occurred between Agamemnon and Menelaus, the two Greek brothers who had led the expedition. Menelaus set sail for Greece immediately, while Agamemnon decided to wait a day and continue sacrifici ng on the shores of Troy. Nestor went with Menelaus, while Odysseus stayed with Agamemnon, and he has heard no news of Odysseus.He says that he can only pray that Athena will show Telemachus the kindness that she showed Odysseus. He adds that he has heard that suitors have taken over the prince’s house in Ithaca and that he hopes that Telemachus will achieve the renown in defense of his father that Orestes, son of Agamemnon, won in defense of his father. Telemachus then asks Nestor about Agamemnon’s fate. Nestor explains that Agamemnon returned from Troy to find that Aegisthus, a base coward who remained behind while the Greeks fought in Troy, had seduced and married his wife, Clytemnestra.With her approval, Aegisthus murdered Agamemnon. He would have then taken over Agamemnon’s kingdom had not Orestes, who was in exile in Athens, returned and killed Aegisthus and Clytemnestra. THIS IS THE STORY ZEUS WAS REFERRING TO IN BOOK 1. Nestor holds the courage of Oreste s up as an example for Telemachus. He sends his own son Pisistratus along to accompany Telemachus to Sparta, and the two set out by land the next day. Athena, who reveals her divinity by shedding the form of Mentor and changing into an eagle before the entire court of Pylos, stays behind to protect Telemachus’s ship and its crew.BOOK FOUR SUMMARY In Sparta, the king and queen, Menelaus and Helen (â€Å"THE FACE THAT LAUNCHED 1000 SHIPS†- THE ONE THE TROJAN WAR WAS OVER), are celebrating the separate marriages of their son and daughter. They happily greet Pisistratus and Telemachus, the latter of whom they soon recognize as the son of Odysseus because of the clear family resemblance. As they all feast, the king and queen recount with melancholy the many examples of Odysseus’s cunning at Troy. Helen recalls how Odysseus dressed as a beggar to infiltrate the city’s walls.Menelaus tells the famous story of the Trojan horse, Odysseus’s masterful gambit that allowed the Greeks to sneak into Troy and slaughter the Trojans. The following day, Menelaus recounts his own return from Troy. He says that, stranded in Egypt, he was forced to capture Proteus, the divine Old Man of the Sea. Proteus told him the way back to Sparta and then informed him of the fates of Agamemnon and Ajax, another Greek hero, who survived Troy only to perish back in Greece. Proteus also told him news of Odysseus—that he was still alive but was imprisoned by Calypso on her island.Buoyed by this report, Telemachus and Pisistratus return to Pylos to set sail for Ithaca. Meanwhile, the suitors at Odysseus’s house learn of Telemachus’s voyage and prepare to ambush him upon his return. The herald Medon overhears their plans and reports them to Penelope. She becomes distraught when she reflects that she may soon lose her son in addition to her husband, but Athena sends a phantom in the form of Penelope’s sister, Iphthime, to reassure her. Ip hthime tells her not to worry, for the goddess will protect Telemachus. Book Five (p. 152-167): 1.How long does Odysseus stay on Calypso's island? He was with Calypso for seven years (she got him on his way home from Troy). 2. What is the source of Calypso's power over Odysseus? She is an attractive goddess who is â€Å"lustrous† (p. 155, 157, 158). It is a sexual seductive power. 3. What do we learn of Calypso's feelings for Odysseus? She loves Odysseus and saved him. She wants to keep him (p. 156). He does not want her â€Å"unwilling lover alongside lover all too willing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 157). 4. What will Calypso give Odysseus if he stays with her? Hermes comes from Zeus and demands Calypso release him.She offers Odysseus immortality if he stays with her (p. 158-159). 5. Calypso asks Odysseus to compare her with Penelope; does Odysseus respond satisfactorily? â€Å"[Penelope] falls short of you [Calypso], / your beauty, stature. She is mortal after all / and you, you n ever age or die†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 159). REMEMBER, GODDESSES ARE ULTRA SENSITIVE. 6. How would you characterize the making of the raft, and the departure of Odysseus? Cut 20 trees and made his raft (more of a ship) with Calypso bringing him tools and showing him where things were. It took 4 days. On the 5th day, Calypso launched him from her island.On the 18th day, Poseidon noticed him â€Å"Outrageous! † (p. 161) and created chaos on the ocean. 7. For how many days does Odysseus swim? Three days (p. 164). 8. Why does Zeus, despite his liking of Odysseus, allow Poseidon to make this journey such an ordeal? Poseidon is a god and angry. Zeus will not allow him to kill Odysseus, but take out his frustration. 9. Ino-Leucothea, in the guise of a seabird, gives him her veil. Why veil? She felt bad for him, â€Å"Ah poor man, / why is the god of earthquakes so dead set against you? †¦ Here, take this scarf [veil], / tie it around your waist— it is immortal† (p. 63) . To save him. He could tie it around himself without weighing himself down. 10. Why does Odysseus return Ino's veil to the sea? He returned it to her as she was in the sea (he feared it at first thinking it might be a trick of another goddess) (p. 166). 11. After two days of swimming, note several phases of decision-making. Does Odysseus accomplish his rescue on his own? â€Å"If I clamber out, some big comber will hoist me, / dash me against that cliff†¦ If I keep on swimming down the coast, trying to find a seabeach †¦ another gale will snatch me up and hail me back†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 165).He needed help from Athena and Ino. BOOK SIX SUMMARY That night, Athena appears in a dream to the Phaeacian princess Nausicaa, disguised as her friend. She encourages the young princess to go to the river the next day to wash her clothes so that she will appear more fetching to the many men courting her. The next morning, Nausicaa goes to the river, and while she and her handmaidens a re naked, playing ball as their clothes dry on the ground, Odysseus wakes in the forest and encounters them. Naked himself, he humbly yet winningly pleads for their assistance, never revealing his identity.Nausicaa leaves him alone to wash the dirt and brine from his body, and Athena makes him look especially handsome, so that when Nausicaa sees him again she begins to fall in love with him. Afraid of causing a scene if she walks into the city with a strange man at her side, Nausicaa gives Odysseus directions to the palace and advice on how to approach Arete, queen of the Phaeacians, when he meets her. With a prayer to Athena for hospitality from the Phaeacians, Odysseus sets out for the palace. BOOK SEVEN SUMMARY On his way to the palace of Alcinous, the king of the Phaeacians, Odysseus is stopped by a young girl who is Athena in disguise.She offers to guide him to the king’s house and shrouds him in a protective mist that keeps the Phaeacians, a kind but somewhat xenophobic people, from harassing him. She also advises him to direct his plea for help to Arete, the wise and strong queen who will know how to get him home. Once Athena has delivered Odysseus to the palace, she departs from Scheria to her beloved city of Athens. Odysseus finds the palace residents holding a festival in honor of Poseidon. He is struck by the splendor of the palace and the king’s opulence.As soon as he sees the queen, he throws himself at her feet, and the mist about him dissipates. At first, the king wonders if this wayward traveler might be a god, but without revealing his identity, Odysseus puts the king’s suspicions to rest by declaring that he is indeed a mortal. He then explains his predicament, and the king and queen gladly promise to see him off the next day in a Phaeacian ship. Later that evening, when the king and queen are alone with Odysseus, the wise Arete recognizes the clothes that he is wearing as ones that she herself had made for her daughter N ausicaa.Suspicious, she interrogates Odysseus further. While still withholding his name, Odysseus responds by recounting the story of his journey from Calypso’s island and his encounter with Nausicaa that morning, which involved her giving him a set of clothes to wear. To absolve the princess for not accompanying him to the palace, Odysseus claims that it was his idea to come alone. Alcinous is so impressed with his visitor that he offers Odysseus his daughter’s hand in marriage. BOOK EIGHT SUMMARY The next day, Alcinous calls an assembly of his Phaeacian counselors.Athena, back from Athens, ensures attendance by spreading word that the topic of discussion will be the godlike visitor who recently appeared on the island. At the assembly, Alcinous proposes providing a ship for his visitor so that the man can return to his homeland. The measure is approved, and Alcinous invites the counselors to his palace for a feast and celebration of games in honor of his guest. There, a blind bard named Demodocus sings of the quarrel between Odysseus and Achilles at Troy. Everyone listens with pleasure except Odysseus, who weeps at the painful memories that the story recalls.The king notices Odysseus’s grief and ends the feast so that the games can begin. The games include the standard lineup of boxing, wrestling, racing, and throwing of the discus. At one point, Odysseus is asked to participate. Still overcome by his many hardships, he declines. One of the young athletes, Broadsea, then insults him, which goads his pride to action. Odysseus easily wins the discus toss and then challenges the Phaeacian athletes to any other form of competition they choose. The discussion becomes heated, but Alcinous diffuses the situation by insisting that Odysseus join them in another east, at which the Phaeacian youth entertain him and prove their preeminence in song and dance. Demodocus performs again, this time a light song about a tryst between Ares and Aphrodite. Af terward, Alcinous and each of the young Phaeacian men, including Broadsea, give Odysseus gifts to take with him on his journey home. At dinner that night, Odysseus asks Demodocus to sing of the Trojan horse and the sack of Troy, but as he listens to the accomplished minstrel he again breaks down. King Alcinous again notices and stops the music. He asks Odysseus at last to tell him who he is, where he is from, and where he is going.Book Nine (p. 211-229): 1. Where do Odysseus and his men go first after they leave Troy? Ismarus- they raided the city, killed the men, and took the women. 2. Who are the Cicones? The people of Ismarus. They bring an army against Odysseus and kill six men from each of his twelve ships. 3. Who are the lotus eaters? They offer Odysseus’ men lotus flowers which make them uncaring about anything but eating more lotus flowers. 4. How does Polyphemus prevent Odysseus and his men from leaving his cave? He puts giant boulder in front of the mouth of the cav e. 5. What does Polyphemus' diet consist of?People, goats, cheese, milk. 6. Are the Cyclops in any way civilized? (Opinion) 7. What mistake does Odysseus makes as he sails away? He tells Polyphemus his real name and taunts him. Book Ten (p. 230-248): 1. After the attack from the Laestrygonians, how many ships are left out of the original twelve? One- only Odysseus’ ship. 2. What sort of character is Circe? What craft does she practice that Penelope also practices? She is immortal and a sensual woman. She is gifted in weaving like Penelope (remember her death shroud deal). 3. Why (aside from her magic) is she able to turn Odysseus' men into swine?How do they offend her? She drugged the men when they drank. She didn’t like their behavior. 4. Into what does Circe transform Odysseus' crew? Pigs. 5. What does Hermes give to Odysseus? Moly (a poisonous plant) to stop him from being changed by Circe’s wine potion; it is no longer poisonous because a god gave it to him. 6. What makes Odysseus give in to Circe's enticements? Is this typical of him? She is a beautiful immortal woman who promised to return his crew to their form. We know he stayed with Calypso, so it seems within character. 7. How long does Odysseus stay in Circe's palace? year. 8. Why does he want to leave? He wants to go back to Ithaca and his wife. 9. Where must Odysseus go to learn his way home? He must go to the Underworld and talk to Tiresias (the blind prophet- same one from Oedipus). Book Eleven (p. 249-270): 1. What favor does Elpenor ask of Odysseus? He wants Odysseus to give his body a proper burial- the one who fell off of the roof at Circe’s and died (p. 251). 2. What ritual does Odysseus perform in order to meet those in the Underworld? He gives libations (milk, honey, wine, water) and performs sacrifices (sheep). 3.What does Tiresias do in order to speak to Odysseus? He had to drink the blood of the sacrifices. 4. What does Odysseus learn about his journey from Tiresias in Hades? He will get home, but if he touches the cattle of Helios, he will lose all his men and have a more treacherous trip home (p. 253). He will have to make amends to Poseidon at the end of his journey. 5. What does Odysseus learn from Anticleia? What does he try to do after she speaks to him? Why does he fail? Anticleia is his mother. She died of grief while he was gone. Penelope is still waiting for him. His father is still alive but is ad because Odysseus is still gone. He kept trying to hold/hug her, but she kept dissolving because she is only a soul. 6. What does Agamemnon tell Odysseus about how men should feel about women? Is it significant that earlier in the book we hear about celebrated women? He thinks women are shameful. They are manipulative and wily (p. 262- 263). 7. What is the reason for Ajax's anger at Odysseus? Ajax refuses to talk to Odysseus. Ajax still holds a grudge over the fact that Odysseus won the armor of Achilles (during the Trojan War). 8. What is the Greek Underworld (Hades) like?The souls come up out of Erebus. As Persephone brings him through the Underworld, he sees Minos judged the dead. Orion is in a field, Tityus is being tortured with two eagles eating his liver. He sees torment and suffering everywhere. 9. What do you make of Tantalus and Sisyphus? They are being punished for eternity. Tantalus can’t eat or drink but is forever thirsty and hungry. Sisyphus is constantly pushing a boulder to the uphill and it rolls back down just as he is about to push it over the top. They are to suffer futility. Book Twelve (p. 271-285): 1. Why has Odysseus returned to Aeaea?He needs to bury the body of Elpenor as he promised. 2. How does Circe help him? She warns Odysseus of all the dangers that await them- the Sirens, Scylla, Charybdis, the cattle of the sun god and how to lose the fewest men. 3. What does the episode of the Sirens tell us about Odysseus' character? Homer's understanding of the power of music? He alo ne is to hear the Siren’s song. He is unique and stronger than the other men with whom he travels. Homer understands that music has power to seduce, tame, and incite. 4. What advice does Odysseus take that Circe gives him about Scylla and Charybdis?What does this tell us about leadership? He braves Scylla rather than Charybdis. If he took on the whirlpool, he would have lost his entire crew. He is willing, as a leader, to make hard choices. 5. Why are the cattle of Helios' island so tempting? The men have not eaten fresh meat in a long time. 6. What warning does Odysseus give his men? Do not eat the cattle of the sun god. 7. This is not the first time Odysseus' warnings are ignored. Whose fault is this? Opinion. 8. This is also not the first time Odysseus's orders are defied. Does this absolve him of responsibility? Opinion. BOOK THIRTEEN SUMMARYThe account of his wanderings now finished, Odysseus looks forward to leaving Scheria. The next day, Alcinous loads his gifts on boa rd the ship that will carry Odysseus to Ithaca. Odysseus sets sail as soon as the sun goes down. He sleeps the whole night, while the Phaeacian crew commands the ship. He remains asleep even when the ship lands the next morning. The crew gently carries him and his gifts to shore and then sails for home. When Poseidon spots Odysseus in Ithaca, he becomes enraged at the Phaeacians for assisting his nemesis. He complains to Zeus, who allows him to punish the Phaeacians.Just as their ship is pulling into harbor at Scheria, the prophecy mentioned at the end of Book 8 is fulfilled: the ship suddenly turns to stone and sinks to the bottom of the sea. The onlookers ashore immediately recognize the consummation of the prophecy and resolve to abandon their custom of helping wayward travelers. Back in Ithaca, Odysseus wakes to find a country that he doesn’t recognize, for Athena has shrouded it in mist to conceal its true form while she plans his next move. At first, he curses the Phaea cians, whom he thinks have duped him and left him in some unknown land.But Athena, disguised as a shepherd, meets him and tells him that he is indeed in Ithaca. With characteristic cunning, Odysseus acts to conceal his identity from her until she reveals hers. Delighted by Odysseus’s tricks, Athena announces that it is time for Odysseus to use his wits to punish the suitors. She tells him to hide out in the hut of his swineherd, Eumaeus. She informs him that Telemachus has gone in search of news of him and gives him the appearance of an old vagabond so that no one will recognize him. BOOK FOURTEEN SUMMARY Odysseus finds Eumaeus outside his hut. Although Eumaeus doesn’t recognize he withered traveler as his master, he invites him inside. There Odysseus has a hearty meal of pork and listens as Eumaeus heaps praise upon the memory of his former master, whom he fears is lost for good, and scorn upon the behavior of his new masters, the vile suitors. Odysseus predicts that Eumaeus will see his master again quite soon, but Eumaeus will hear none of it—he has encountered too many vagabonds looking for a handout from Penelope in return for fabricated news of Odysseus. Still, Eumaeus takes a liking to his guest. He puts him up for the night and even lets him borrow a cloak to keep out the cold.When Eumaeus asks Odysseus about his origins, Odysseus lies that he is from Crete. He fought with Odysseus at Troy and made it home safely, he claims, but a trip that he made later to Egypt went awry, and he was reduced to poverty. It was during this trip, he says, that he heard that Odysseus was still alive. BOOK FIFTEEN SUMMARY Athena travels to Sparta, where she finds Telemachus and Pisistratus, Nestor’s son. She tells Telemachus he must hurry home to Ithaca before the suitors succeed in winning his mother’s hand. She also warns him of the ambush that they have set and explains how to avoid it.Finally, she instructs him to head first for the home of the swineherd Eumaeus, who will convey the news of his safe return to Penelope. The next day, Telemachus announces his departure and accepts gifts from Menelaus and Helen. As Telemachus pulls away from the palace in his chariot, an eagle carrying a goose stolen from a pen swoops down beside him. Helen interprets the incident as an omen that Odysseus is about to swoop down on his home and exact revenge on the suitors. Once at Pylos, Telemachus has Pisistratus drop him off at his ship, insisting that he has no time to spare to visit Nestor again.The ship is about to set off when Theoclymenus, a famous prophet’s descendant who is fleeing prosecution for a crime of manslaughter that he committed in Argos, approaches Telemachus and asks to come aboard. Telemachus welcomes him and offers him hospitality when they get to Ithaca. In the hut of Eumaeus, Odysseus tests the limit of his hospitality by offering to leave in the morning, a false gesture that he hopes will prompt Eu maeus to offer to let him stay longer. He urges the old man not to go out of his way and says that he will earn his keep working for the suitors, butEumaeus will have none of it. To get mixed up with those suitors, he warns, would be suicide. Odysseus and the swineherd then swap stories. Eumaeus explains how he first came to Ithaca: the son of a king, he was stolen from his house by Phoenician pirates with the help of a maid that his father employed. The pirates took him all over the seas until Laertes, Odysseus’s father, bought him in Ithaca. There, Laertes’ wife brought him up alongside her own daughter, the youngest born. The next morning, Telemachus reaches the shores of Ithaca. He disembarks while the crew heads to the city by ship.He entrusts Theoclymenus to a loyal crewman, Piraeus. As they part, they see a hawk fly by carrying a dove in its talons, which Theoclymenus interprets as a favorable sign of the strength of Odysseus’s house and line. Book Sixtee n (p. 338-353): 1. How does Eumaeus greet Telemachus? He wept and sobbed. He greeted him as he would his own son. (p. 339) 2. What errand is Eumaeus sent on? He is to tell Penelope that Telemachus has returned and to have her housekeeper tell Odysseus’ father (Laertes) that he is home (p. 343). 3. Why does Odysseus reveal his identity to Telemachus?Athena urged him on so the two could plot the demise of the suitors (p. 343-344). 4. How does Odysseus' look when he reveals himself to his son? p. 344- He is tall, handsome, black hair, etc. He is heroic looking (godlike). 5. How does Telemachus react when Odysseus identifies himself? At first he does not believe it is him. â€Å"No, you’re not Odysseus! Not my father! † (p. 344). 6. What are the three major points of strategy in the plan which Odysseus tells to Telemachus? a. Odysseus will pretend to be a beggar as he enters the hall with the suitors.Telemachus will hide all the weapons except for 2 swords, 2 spears , and 2 oxhide bucklers for Odysseus and Telemachus. b. Athena ; Zeus will daze the suitors. c. Odysseus and Telemachus will kill all the suitors (and possibly Penelope if she has not been faithful). 7. What does Antinous try to get the suitors to do? He wants them to plot to kill Telemachus (p. 350). 8. Who offers a different perspective? Amphinomus says that it’s not right to kill the descendants of kings, but if Zeus wants it, then he will do it, but not before. 9. How does Penelope learn of what the suitors are thinking?The herald Medon told her what transpired (p. 351). 10. How does Penelope react to this information? She confronts Antinous (p. 351). 11. Which of the suitors attempts to reassure her? Eurymachus tells her no one will try to hurt her son. BOOK SEVENTEEN SUMMARY Telemachus leaves Odysseus at Eumaeus’s hut and heads to his palace, where he receives a tearful welcome from Penelope and the nurse Eurycleia. In the palace hall he meets Theoclymenus and Pi raeus. He tells Piraeus not to bring his gifts from Menelaus to the palace; he fears that the suitors will steal them if they kill him.When he sits down to eat with Penelope, Telemachus tells her what little news he received of Odysseus in Pylos and Sparta, but he doesn’t reveal that he has seen Odysseus with his own eyes in Eumaeus’s hut. Theoclymenus then speaks up and swears that Odysseus is in Ithaca at this very moment. Meanwhile, Eumaeus and Odysseus set out toward town in Telemachus’s footsteps. On the way they meet Melanthius, a base subordinate of the suitors, who heaps scorn on Eumaeus and kicks his beggar companion. Odysseus receives a similar welcome at the palace.The suitors give him food with great reluctance, and Antinous goes out of his way to insult him. When Odysseus answers insult with insult, Antinous gives him a blow with a stool that disgusts even the other suitors. Report of this cruelty reaches Penelope, who asks to have the beggar brough t to her so that she can question him about Odysseus. Odysseus, however, doesn’t want the suitors to see him heading toward the queen’s room. Eumaeus announces that he must return to his hut and hogs, leaving Odysseus alone with Telemachus and the suitors. BOOK EIGHTEEN SUMMARYAnother beggar, Arnaeus (nicknamed Irus), saunters into the palace. For a beggar, he is rather brash: he insults Odysseus and challenges him to a boxing match. He thinks that he will make quick work of the old man, but Athena gives Odysseus extra strength and stature. Irus soon regrets challenging the old man and tries to escape, but by now the suitors have taken notice and are egging on the fight for the sake of their own entertainment. It ends quickly as Odysseus floors Irus and stops just short of killing him. The suitors congratulate Odysseus.One in particular, the moderate Amphinomus, toasts him and gives him food. Odysseus, fully aware of the bloodshed to come and overcome by pity for Amphi nomus, pulls the man aside. He predicts to Amphinomus that Odysseus will soon be home and gives him a thinly veiled warning to abandon the palace and return to his own land. But Amphinomus doesn’t depart, despite being â€Å"fraught with grave forebodings,† for Athena has bound him to death at the hands of Telemachus (18. 176). Athena now puts it into Penelope’s head to make an appearance before her suitors.The goddess gives her extra stature and beauty to inflame their hearts. When Penelope speaks to the suitors, she leads them on by telling them that Odysseus had instructed her to take a new husband if he should fail to return before Telemachus began growing facial hair. She then tricks them, to the silent delight of Odysseus, into bringing her gifts by claiming that any suitor worth his salt would try to win her hand by giving things to her instead of taking what’s rightfully hers. The suitors shower her with presents, and, as they celebrate, Odysseus instructs the maidservants to go to Penelope.The maidservant Melantho, Melanthius’s sister, insults him as an inferior being and a drunk; Odysseus then scares them off with threats. Hoping to make Odysseus even more angry at the suitors, Athena now inspires Eurymachus to insult him. When Odysseus responds with insults of his own, Eurymachus throws a stool at him but misses, hitting a servant instead. Just as a riot is about to break out, Telemachus steps in and diffuses the situation, to the consternation of the suitors. Book Nineteen (p. 390-409): 1. What ruse does Odysseus tell Telemachus to carry out at the beginning of the book?Telemachus is to tell the suitors he is putting the weapons away for safe keeping and so that they will not hurt each other when they are drunk. 2. What does the stranger ask Penelope not to ask him? Why? Does she ask him anyway? He says, â€Å"don’t, please, search out my birth, my land, / or you’ll fill my heart to overflowing even more / as I bring back the past† (p. 394). The stranger is Odysseus and he doesn’t want to reveal himself yet. She wants to test his honesty. 3. Where does Odysseus tell Penelope he is from? Does this story have anything in common with the story he tells Eumaeus?He says he is from Crete. It parallels (many of the same strokes) the stories he has told in the past (he has to keep his lies in order). 4. How does Penelope react to what she hears of Odysseus? How does Odysseus react to her reaction? She is moved and upset. She weeps and says she believes he knew Odysseus. He reassures her. He is happy that she misses him and has been loyal to him. 5. What prediction does Odysseus give to Penelope? Odysseus will return within the month. â€Å"True, this very month- just as the old moon dies / and the new moon rises into life- Odysseus will return! (p. 400). 6. How did Odysseus obtain the scar that Eurycleia recognizes? (On his foot) He got it while hunting boar with his gra ndfather Autolycus. 7. What does Odysseus say to Eurycleia? He says he will kill all of the maids in the house, but Eurycleia says she will tell him who is guilty and who is innocent. 8. What is the dream which Penelope describes to Odysseus? How does he interpret it? An eagle kills all of her 20 geese. It then speaks â€Å"Courage, daughter of Famous King Icarus! / This is no dream but a happy waking vision, / real as day, that will come true for you. These geese were your suitors†¦ † (p. 407-409). Odysseus says it is a prophecy of the future- that Odysseus has basically told her through her dream what will happen. 9. How does the stranger affect Penelope? Why is she favorably disposed toward the stranger? She trusts him (because she can connect with him). 10. How does Penelope plan to test the suitors to see which one she will marry? She will marry the one who can string Odysseus’ bow and shoot an arrow through 12 axes set in a line (think the aspects of a hero- they have a special weapon only they can wield).BOOK TWENTY SUMMARY Penelope and Odysseus both have trouble sleeping that night. Odysseus worries that he and Telemachus will never be able to conquer so many suitors, but Athena reassures him that through the gods all things are possible. Tormented by the loss of her husband and her commitment to remarry, Penelope wakes and prays for Artemis to kill her. Her distress wakes Odysseus, who asks Zeus for a good omen. Zeus responds with a clap of thunder, and, at once, a maid in an adjacent room is heard cursing the suitors.As the palace springs to life the next day, Odysseus and Telemachus meet, in succession, the swineherd Eumaeus, the foul Melanthius, and Philoetius, a kindly and loyal herdsman who says that he has not yet given up hope of Odysseus’s return. The suitors enter, once again plotting Telemachus’s murder. Amphinomus convinces them to call it off, however, when a portent of doom appears in the form of an eagle carrying a dove in its talons. But Athena keeps the suitors antagonistic all through dinner to prevent Odysseus’s anger from losing its edge.Ctesippus, a wealthy and arrogant suitor, throws a cow’s hoof at Odysseus, in response to which Telemachus threatens to run him through with his sword. The suitors laugh and laugh, failing to notice that they and the walls of the room are covered in blood and that their faces have assumed a foreign, ghostly look—all of which Theoclymenus interprets as portents of inescapable doom. Book Twenty-One (p. 424-438): 1. What must the stringer of the bow do with his shot? Shoot the arrow through 12 axes in a line (almost impossible) with one arrow. 2.In what way do Telemachus' words after â€Å"giving up† show him to be a worthy son? He could have strung the bow, and is doing this on purpose to entice the suitors to the challenge, but in the process makes himself look weak- something he is willing to do for his father. 3. Wh at is Antinous' and Eurymachus' reaction to the challenge? Antinous yells at the servants for crying. He then admits it will be a difficult challenge to overcome (which he hopes to do). Eurymachus considers it a disgrace if they cannot string the bow. 4. Melanthius is ordered to do what in order to make the bow easier to bend?Get a fire going and grease. They will â€Å"Heat and limber the bow and rub it with grease† to make it easier to bend (p. 430). 5. How does Odysseus prove his identity to the cowherd and the swineherd? He showed them the scar on his foot. 6. What is the purpose of the â€Å"biography† of the bow? It shows us that his bow is special (only he can wield it). â€Å"His well-sprung bow was there, / and quivers, too, with lots of painful arrows, / gifts he had received from Iphitus, his friend, / son of Eurytus, a man like the immortals, / when they'd met in Lacedaemon, in Messene, / at the home of wise Ortilochus.Odysseus / had gone there to collect a debt the people owed— / Messenian men had run off with three hundred sheep / and seized the shepherds, too, leaving Ithaca  / in their ships with many oars. Because of this, / Odysseus, who was just a boy, had been sent  / a long way by his father and other senior men, / part of an embassy. Iphitus was searching / for twelve mares he'd lost and sturdy mules, as well, / still on the teat. Later on these animals / led him to a fatal destiny, the day he met / the mortal Hercules, Zeus' great-hearted son, / who knew all there was to know about great exploits. Hercules slaughtered him, although he was a guest  / in his own home—a cruel man who didn't care / about the anger of the gods or the dining table / he'd set before him. After their meal, he killed him / and kept the strong-hoofed mares with him at home  / for his own use. While Iphitus was enquiring / about these horses, he got to meet Odysseus / and gave him the bow. In earlier days, this weapon had been u sed by mighty Eurytus, and when he died, / he'd left it for his son in his high-roofed home. / Odysseus had given him a keen-edged sword  / and a powerful spear, as well. This was the start / of their close friendship.But they never bonded / as mutual dinner guests—before that happened / Zeus' son had murdered Iphitus, son of Eurytus, / a man like the immortals, who gave Odysseus / that bow of his. Lord Odysseus never took it / whenever he went off to war in his black ships. / It lay there in his home as a memorial  / to a dear friend. He carried it in his own land. † 7. Penelope's taking the bow from its hiding place is one of the most moving moments in this part of the poem – why? This is the first time we really see Penelope weep openly for Odysseus. She sobs and believes that he is never coming home. She then sat down, placed the bow case on her knees,/ and wept aloud, as she took out her husband's bow. † Book Twenty-Two (p. 439-454): 1. What is Ant inous doing when Odysseus shoots him? Why is he the first victim? He shoots him just as he’s about to drink. 2. How do the other suitors appeal to Odysseus? At first they turn on him (the stranger) and tell him he will be punished for killing a man of Ithaca. Once Odysseus reveals himself, they say he has gotten his revenge- Antinous was the one who spurred them on. They offer to repay him for all they have taken, eaten, and destroyed. (p. 440-441) 3. How does Eurymachus react to Mentor? 4. How much does Athena help Odysseus, and how much is the victory his? She gives him guidance and makes the suitors (most of) miss when they are throwing spears at Odysseus and Telemachus. Arguments can be made that he would not have won without her guidance and interference. 5. Who tests the strength and courage of Odysseus and Telemachus? Athena. â€Å"Athena spoke. But she did not give him the strength  / to win that fight decisively. She was still testing / the power and resolution of Odysseus / and his splendid son. So she flew up to the roof / inside the smoky hall, and sat there, taking on  / the appearance of a swallow. 6. The dead suitors are compared to what kind of creatures? Bodies= dead fish Bodies= ox lion (Odysseus) has â€Å"devoured† 7. Which appendages does Melanthius lose? Where do they end up? (Remember Antinous' threats to send Irus to Echetus in the beginning of Book 18; and a similar threat to Odysseus in Book 21) They â€Å"lopped (cut off) his nose and ears with a ruthless knife, / tore his genitals out for the dogs to eat raw / and in manic fury hacked off hands and feet† (p. 454). BOOK TWENTY-THREE SUMMARY Eurycleia goes upstairs to call Penelope, who has slept through the entire fight.Penelope doesn’t believe anything that Eurycleia says, and she remains in disbelief even when she comes downstairs and sees her husband with her own eyes. Telemachus rebukes her for not greeting Odysseus more lovingly after his long ab sence, but Odysseus has other problems to worry about. He has just killed all of the noble young men of Ithaca—their parents will surely be greatly distressed. He decides that he and his family will need to lay low at their farm for a while. In the meantime, a minstrel strikes up a happy song so that no passers-by will suspect what has taken place in the palace.Penelope remains wary, afraid that a god is playing a trick on her. She orders Eurycleia to move her bridal bed, and Odysseus suddenly flares up at her that their bed is immovable, explaining how it is built from the trunk of an olive tree around which the house had been constructed. Hearing him recount these details, she knows that this man must be her husband. They get reacquainted and, afterward, Odysseus gives his wife a brief account of his wanderings. He also tells her about the trip that he must make to fulfill the prophecy of Tiresias in Book 11.The next day, he leaves with Telemachus for Laertes’ orchar d. He gives Penelope instructions not to leave her room or receive any visitors. Athena cloaks Odysseus and Telemachus in darkness so that no one will see them as they walk through the town. BOOK TWENTY-FOUR SUMMARY The scene changes abruptly. Hermes leads the souls of the suitors, crying like bats, into Hades. Agamemnon and Achilles argue over who had the better death. Agamemnon describes Achilles’ funeral in detail. They see the suitors coming in and ask how so many noble young men met their end.The suitor Amphimedon, whom Agamemnon knew in life, gives a brief account of their ruin, pinning most of the blame on Penelope and her indecision. Agamemnon contrasts the constancy of Penelope with the treachery of Clytemnestra. Back in Ithaca, Odysseus travels to Laertes’ farm. He sends his servants into the house so that he can be alone with his father in the gardens. Odysseus finds that Laertes has aged prematurely out of grief for his son and wife. He doesn’t recog nize Odysseus, and Odysseus doesn’t immediately reveal himself, pretending instead that he is someone who once knew and befriended Odysseus.But when Laertes begins to cry at the memory of Odysseus, Odysseus throws his arms around Laertes and kisses him. He proves his identity with the scar and with his memories of the fruit trees that Laertes gave him when he was a little boy. He tells Laertes how he has avenged himself upon the suitors. Laertes and Odysseus have lunch together. Dolius, the father of Melanthius and Melantho, joins them. While they eat, the goddess Rumor flies through the city spreading the news of the massacre at the palace. The parents of the suitors hold an assembly at which they assess how to respond.Halitherses, the elder prophet, argues that the suitors merely got what they deserved for their wickedness, but Eupithes, Antinous’s father, encourages the parents to seek revenge on Odysseus. Their small army tracks Odysseus to Laertes’ house, b ut Athena, disguised again as Mentor, decides to put a stop to the violence. Antinous’s father is the only one killed, felled by one of Laertes’ spears. Athena makes the Ithacans forget the massacre of their children and recognize Odysseus as king. Peace is thus restored. *All summaries from SparkNotes. com

Knowledge, skills and behaviours Essay

Many business use the CIPD Human resources profession map as it sets out what HR practitioners need to know, do and deliver at all stages of their career to be effective and successful. It sets a benchmark for HR excellence for the individual and the HR function. The map focuses on the knowledge, activities and behaviours by underpinning the skills required to develop products and services for the profession and the individuals, and it sets out how HR adds the greatest sustained value to the organisation now and in the future. It provides you with the support to accelerate your own career and professional development by offering an online self assessment tool called My HR Map. The map was devised from HR experts so it is a reliable source. The map is made up of different sections, firstly eight behaviours which are shown around the outside of the circle, these are; decisive thinker, skilled influencer, personally credible, collaborative, driven to deliver, courage to challenge, role model and curious. This section describes the behaviours and HR professional needs to carry out there activities. Each behaviour is described at four bands of professional competence. These four bands which go up the side of the map describes the four bands of professional competence and the transition challenges faced when moving from one band to the next, it is how their contribution and success is measured, band one being where you start at in a HR role and band four being a senior or management role. And then then there are ten professional areas inside the map which describes what activities you need to do and what you need to know for each area of the HR profession at four bands of professional competence. The ten professional areas are; organisation design, organisation development, resourcing and talent planning, learning and talent development, performance and reward, employee engagement, employee relations, service delivery and information, and the final two are professional areas which are recognised as the two core areas, these are insights, strategies and solutions, and leading HR. The two core professional areas of the map sit at the heart of the map and are applicable to all HR professionals regardless of their job role and stage of their career. Firstly looking at Insights, strategies and  solutions, this develops actionable insights and solutions, prioritised and tailored around a deep understanding of business, contextual and organisational understanding. The CIPD have produced tables for each of the professional areas describing the activities (what you need to do) and the knowledges (what you need to know) for each one putting them in relation with the bands. The four bands of professional competence define the contribution that professionals make at every stage of the HR career. Looking at the activities in insights, strategies and solutions a first example is building a picture. In band one the employee needs to Use management information and role experience to develop an understanding of what’s happening in the organisation and externally. Another example of an activity is Developing actionable insight, in band one the employee needs to Develop insights about potential opportunities or risks for the organisation from experience. From the same activity an example of a band two would be to work with colleagues and managers to develop shared insights and priorities and activities. Building capacity and capability is another activity and an example from a band one would be that the employee has to provide accurate and timely information, data and advice to managers and employees on organisations human resources policy and procedures and employment laws. Then moving on to knowledges so this is what the employees need to know. Firstly looking at business knowledge band one is to know the vision and purpose of the organisation and how this relates to your role. For contextual knowledge in band two the employee would need to know the sector context in which the organisation operates. In band one for organisational knowledge the employee needs to know the capability and skills that are needed within the organisation. And finally HR professional knowledge a band one professional would need to know how to effectively organise their own workload and priorities. Leading HR is the other core professional area and this area provides active, insight-led leadership owning, shaping and driving themselves, others and activity in the organisation. Although not everyone will have a role where they lead others, it is still important that they develop and grow in the other two dimensions. Looking at the activities for Professional leadership in band one the employee needs to seek feedback and coaching to continually learn and develop as a professional by using HR  processes as appropriate for own CPD (e.g. through my HR Map). Another activity is leading others, in band one the professional needs to focus on delivering flawless process and relevant, timely and accurate advice and data to support HR operations plan. Looking at leading issues an example of an activity is delivering value and performance in HR teams, and example of a band two professional would be to seek feedback from team to identify areas of concern around HR reward and recognition package and make suggestions for improvement where appropriate. Now looking at the knowledges of what the professional needs to know in leading HR the first example is leadership, they need to know the differences in how people work and interact, that is a band one professional. Another band one knowledge is Resource management, the employee needs to know personal skills profiles and strengths and gaps against role requirements. Performance management is another knowledge and for band two the professional needs to know methods for managing and evaluating team performance. Finally financial management, in band one the professional needs to know methods for collecting and analysing financial and non financial data.

buy custom Abnormal Behavior and Mental Health essay

buy custom Abnormal Behavior and Mental Health essay QUESTION 1 Based on axial 1 of DSM classification, Cindy exhibits post traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. She has social and psychological conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention. In axial 2, she falls under personality disorder in that she deviates markedly from social expectations, suffers depression, causes distress. She does not fall under axial 3 as she has no general medical condition that may play a direct role in causing psychological disorder (Dziegielewski, 2010). In axial 4, she experiences post traumatic stress disorder from a previous trauma and Cindy experiences psychosocial and environmental problems e.g. lack of adequate social support from her friends and joblessness. In axial 5, her global assessment functioning (GAF) is below par. QUESTION 2 Axial1-Cindy experiences social and psychological conditions that may be a focus for diagnosis and treatment: Persistent re-experience of trauma centered on a series of past events that included rape when she was 16 years; Lack of social support from close friends; Low self confidence (avoided eye contact with the interviewer); Addicted to and Abuses marijuana; Lack of insight and judgment as exhibited by extra marital affair; Unemployed for the last 6 months; Has attended 4 therapy sessions and quite the last three sessions after single session. Axial 2: she exhibits symptoms of personality disorders which are; Depression for at least 3 months; Gets agitated after recollecting the trauma. Axial 3: No symptoms indicative of general medical conditions. Axial 4: she has a history of negative life event whereby at 16 years of age an adopted family member raped her. During the assault, which lasted 5 weeks, there were verbal threats, no weapon of physical injuries, and forced to commit heinous acts. She felt detached, numb, guilty and embarrassed. She neither reported to police nor received medical care. After the rape, she withdrew from normal activities; hang out in the wrong company, exhibited changes in behavior including violence, lying, alcohol abuse and derealization. She also reports having had an abortion under her fathers consent. Her childhood was rather intricate, having a former war veteran, who was psychologically and emotionally cold, as a father, and a self absorbed mother. Reminiscing these events during her extra marital affair led to her ending the affair, which indicates she was suffering from post traumatic stress disorder, as she had distressing images, bringing past emotions into present. AXIAL 5: her current level of functioning indicates the need for treatment. Poor judgment and insight derealisation, and the recalling of past events indicate that she is in need of psychological attention. Question A3: Compare Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder using the following table: Generalised Anxiety Disorder Acute Stress Disorder Type of disorder Anxiety disorder Anxiety disorder Diagnostic Axis Axial 1, DSM IV TR classification number 7. Axial 1, DSM IV TR classification number 7. Clinical picture From history and Mental state examination, -worry excessively about virtually all aspects of their lives e.g. health, finances, marital status. -do not have panic attacks, phobias, obsessions or compulsions, rather experience pervasive anxiety or worry about a number of events that occur most days for at least six months. - is associated with at least 3 of the following: restlessness, easy fatigability, difficulty concentrating with mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension and sleep disturbance. From history and Mental state examination, -Numbing -detachment and derealisation -depersonalisation or dissociative amnesia -continuous re-experiences of events by such ways as thoughts, dreams, and flash backs. -avoidance of any stimulation that reminds them of events. -symptoms of anxiety and significant impairment in at least 1 essential area of functioning. Onset Typical age of onset is early 20s but may begin at any age. Appear within 4 weeks of the impact of stressful stimuli or event. Duration Most days for at least 6 months. 2 Days-4 weeks QUESTION 4 According to the prescribed book, rape is an offence in which a person forces another to engage in sexual activity without her consent, and may involve threats, weapons, physical injuries and heinous acts. It may be by a person known by the victim, and usually leaves the victim psychologically traumatized. In my own definition, rape constitutes several parameters: legality, issue of consent, use of threat, force or violence, and the effects. Rape is a criminal offence in which sexual intercourse takes place with an unwilling partner, female or male, known or unknown by the victim, and under threat of force or violence (Welfel et, al. 2001). It occurs in the context that a person is forcefully made to participate in sexual acts without their will. Arguments show that rapists are motivated by a desire to dominate rather than simply an attempt to achieve sexual gratification. Majority of rapes are unreported due to victims shame, anxiety about publicity and the fear that the rapists wll take reprisals. The victims are usually traumatized severely, both psychologically and physically. Legally it recognizes that rape can happen within marriage also in situations of a known friend of the victim (date rape). Anxiety, depression, PTSD is the common effects of rape. Rape crises counselling, med ical therapy and report to authority is a significant requirement. Question A5: Distinguish between a depressive episode, a hypomanic episode and a panic attack using the following table. Depressive Episode Hypomanic Episode Panic Attack Duration 2 weeks 4 days 5-30 minutes Affective symptoms Depressed mood, decreased interest, pleasure and concentration, decreased indecisiveness. Overactive desire and drive for success, elevated or irritable mood. Trembling or shaking Cognitive symptoms Thoughts of worthlessness, guilt, self hatred, suicidal. Flight of ideas. Fear of losing control or going crazy, fear of dying. Behavioural symptoms Agitation, retardation, slow movement and forgetfulness, insomnia Extremely outgoing, competitive with inflated self esteem and grandiosity, easily distractible Derealisation and depersonalization and derealisation. Physical symptoms Fatigue, low energy, headaches. Great deal of energy. Palpitations, chest pain and discomfort, breathlessness, tachycardia, nausea and abdominal distress. Question B1: Provide a full diagnosis for Bongani on the five axes of the DSM-IV-TR classification system Axial I: anxiety disorder: substance induced anxiety disorder, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Social phobia. Axial II: Personality Disorder. Under cluster A, paranoid; Cluster B, antisocial; Cluster C, avoidant, dependent and obsessive compulsion. Axial III: No general medical condition. Axial IV: Sexual and gender identity disorder; difficulty in social adjustment. Axial IV: The global assessment functioning is below par. Question B2 Axial I: Bongani strongly believes that his condition is due to the marijuana. During the interview he exhibits restricted emotions, appears tense and anxious with constricted body motions and hesitant deliberate speech. He is also socially detached. Bongani is obsessed about having HIV. Axial II: Bongani believes others are out to get him; he has delusions of reference in that he believes T.V. reports have a special significance to him. He also experiences auditory hallucinations. He is dependent on his family especially the father. Axial IV: Bongani has homosexual preferences which he believes is causing him social stigma and criticism especially from his mother, who he claims is non-accepting. He also can not sustain jobs as he does not prefer social interaction. Bongani was dumped in a rubbish bin at birth and adopted. In his childhood, he had no friends, was sensitive to criticism and had difficulty in school. Axial V: GAF is below par as indicated by: Flat affect, improper thought content, poor perceptions etc. QUESTION B3 The multipath model of personality provides a more advanced view of psychological function.MAP model assumes that personality and self-organization are shaped by a number of combined forces that include mental, evolutionary, situational, psycho-spiritual and biological processes. This model can be used in the analysis of psychological functioning as it incorporates various levels of scrutiny in which one level is not complete without looking at the other. When all this levels are taken together, an added view that builds broader and percipient outlook for assessing personality and development. According to this model, the first level of analysis is neuropersonal. This level focuses on biological material functioning. Individuals are driven by genetic and biological functions; chemicals between the brain neurons determine a persons mood and personality. In the above case, the use of marijuana (a psychoactive drug) may have triggered a change in the chemicals due to the tetrahydrocanna binol it contains. The second level is intrapersonal level, which is information about self; how you think, perceive, interpret and analyze. According to this, Bogani thought that the marijuana bended his mind. Therefore, he perceived that his mind was broken, and this manifested in his clinical presentation. The third level is interpersonal; it deals with the family and social aspects. Good relationships lead to good development and vice versa. In the above case, Bogani was abandoned by his biological family. This might be a very disturbing and depressing thing to him. He also has a mother who does not approve of his homosexual lifestyle and calls him by derogatory words. This family and social issues have obviously affected his behavior. QUESTION B4 From the clinical case, the history about the mother shows that the family is very superstitious and believed the mother had amafufunya which according to the African culture is a state of possession by an evil spirit due to witch craft so cast hher away. In the case of Bogani, they believed he was a product of this sorcery and wanted nothing to do with him. If Bogani would have remained with the biological family that believe in possession, the first thing they would have done would have to send him to a witch doctor suspecting Bogani had the same condition as the mother. Due to their African beliefs the family would take him there knowing and believing that the witch doctor had the powers to bewitch and treat him. Question B5: Delusional Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder Type of disorder Psychotic disorder Personality disorder Diagnostic Axis DSM-IV-TR number 5 on Axis II DSM-IV-TR number 16 on Axis II Clinical picture Characterised by nonbizarre delusions about things that could happen in real life. The patients social adjustment remains normal. Have few relationships and demonstrate oddities of thought, affect, perception, and belief. Many are highly distrustful and often paranoid. Some may be suicidal. Onset Generally, it is in middle to late life. No definite onset Duration At least 1 month. At least 2 years Prognosis Poor Poor Question B6: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder Conduct Disorder Purposefulness of behaviour Attract attention to or away from themselves Hostility, defiance to authority Lack of empathic concern for others, major misbehaviour, repetitive behaviour to violate rights of others and social norms. Motivation for behaviour Impatience, abnormal perceptions, low self esteem, pre occupied thoughts, environmental factors and neurological dysregulation. Resentment, disobedience, disregard for authority Antisocialism, depression, copying from peers, juvenile delinquency. Interpersonal relationships Forgetful, deliberately annoys others, easily distracted, defiant. Stubborn, angry, temper tantrums, annoys others on purpose. Aggression, verbal and physical, destructive behaviour, truancy, vandalism, lying, stealing, delinquent subsistence. Duration and Prognosis 6 months Good with treatment. Many outgrow it. 6 months Untreated, 52% continue with it for next 3 years, 50% progress to conduct disorder. Mostly to adolescent years. Prognosis varies depending on if mild, moderate or severe and resistance to treatment QUESTION B7 The first thing to do is to open a counseling department in the school. The next step is to employ a behavioral therapy. The behavioral therapy will employ the following steps: 1. To assess the suspected children through a medical and psychological evaluation. This enables the therapy to identify what affects the child before steps can be taken to eliminate them. 2.If any other conditions are found aggressive treatment is recommended. Eliminating them can be the fastest way of treating the above. 3. Omega 3 and vitamin E supplement have been found beneficial in treating the above. 4. Consider involving parents in the behavioral therapy of the children. 5. Medical intervention such a antidepressants. The type of program is a school based early detection and intervention program. It entails peer to peer discussions, training of social skills and self conduct training. In developing the program, the consideration of the community is invaluable since the community moulds the children and support can be in terms of financing and voluntary work. The age of the child must be considered. The way to approach a child is not the same way to approach an adolescent. Learners can be encouraged to take part in role play to gain their interests into the program. Include the peers into the program. Always give the child positive reward. Involvement of parents is essential in the program. This is an integral part of the program as parents would deal directly with the children in what is known as parent management training. The inclusion of the community as a whole in the program to support and fund the initiative is a crucial step. Support groups among children peers where the children can sit and talk. Buy custom Abnormal Behavior and Mental Health essay

What Thanksgiving Reveals about American Culture

What Thanksgiving Reveals about American Culture Sociologists believe that the rituals practiced within any given culture serve to reaffirm that cultures most important values and beliefs. This theory dates back to founding sociologist Émile Durkheim  and has been validated by countless researchers over more than a centurys time. According to sociologists, by examining a ritual, we can come to understand some fundamental things about the culture in which it is practiced. So in this spirit, lets take a look at what Thanksgiving reveals about us. Key Takeaways: Sociological Insights on Thanksgiving Sociologists look at celebrations in order to understand culture.By spending time with family and friends on Thanksgiving, people reaffirm their close relationships.Thanksgiving highlights stereotypical American gender roles.Overeating associated with Thanksgiving illustrates American materialism and abundance. The Social Importance of Family and Friends It may not be much of a surprise that coming together to share a meal with loved ones signals how important relationships with friends and family are in our culture, which is far from a uniquely American thing. When we gather together to share in this holiday, we effectively say, Your existence and our relationship is important to me, and in doing so, that relationship is reaffirmed and strengthened (at least in a social sense). But there are some less obvious and decidedly more interesting things going on too. Thanksgiving Highlights Normative Gender Roles The holiday of Thanksgiving and the rituals we practice for it reveal the gender norms  of our society. In most households across the U.S. it is women and girls who will do the work of preparing, serving, and cleaning up after the Thanksgiving meal. Meanwhile, most men and boys are likely to be watching and/or playing football. Of course, neither of these activities is exclusively gendered, but they are predominantly so, especially in heterosexual settings. This means that Thanksgiving serves to reaffirm the distinct roles we believe men and women should play in society, and even what it means to be a man or a woman in our society today. The Sociology of Eating on Thanksgiving One of the most interesting sociological research findings about Thanksgiving comes from Melanie Wallendorf and Eric J. Arnould, who take a sociology of consumption standpoint. In a study of the holiday published in the  Journal of Consumer Research  in 1991, Wallendorf and Arnould, along with a team of student researchers, conducted observations of Thanksgiving celebrations across the U.S. They found that the rituals of preparing food, eating it,  overeating it, and how we talk about these experiences signal that Thanksgiving is really about celebrating material abundance- having a lot of stuff, notably food, at ones disposal.  They observe that the fairly bland flavorings of Thanksgiving dishes and the heaping piles of food presented and consumed signal that it is quantity rather than quality that matters on this occasion. Building on this in her study of competitive eating contests (yes, really!), sociologist Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson sees in the act of overeating the affirmation of abundance at the national level. In her 2014 article in Contexts, she writes that our society has so much food to spare that its citizens can engage in eating for sport.  In this light, Ferguson describes Thanksgiving as a holiday that celebrates ritualistic overeating, which is meant to honor national abundance through consumption. As such, she declares Thanksgiving a patriotic holiday. Thanksgiving and American Identity Finally, in a chapter in the 2010 book  The Globalization of Food, titled  The National and the Cosmopolitan in Cuisine: Constructing America through Gourmet Food Writing, sociologists  Josà ©e Johnston, Shyon Baumann, and Kate Cairns reveal that Thanksgiving plays an important role in defining and affirming American identity. Through a study of how people write about the holiday in food magazines, their research shows that eating, and especially preparing Thanksgiving, is framed as an American rite of passage. They conclude that participating in these rituals is a way to achieve and affirm ones American identity, especially for immigrants. It turns out that Thanksgiving is about a lot more than turkey and pumpkin pie.

Answer to Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer to - Assignment Example Blood related measurements included hemoglobin A1c concentration, HDL, LDL, fibrinogen, and triglyceride levels. Demographic data, diet information, and medical history were also obtained at baseline. The researchers used factor analysis models to determine the extent of the alcohol-CVD relationship through the evaluation of intermediate variables. The results show a J-shaped relationship between alcohol and CVD events. They also found that the reduced risk of CVD found in moderate drinkers is mostly explained by the effect of alcohol on intermediate health factors such as lipids, metabolism, inflammatory agents, and blood pressure. Appropriately, the authors suggest that these findings will need to be tested across populations in order to clarify the mechanisms involved in the relationship model. The quality of this research is strengthened through the large sample size included for analysis. It would have been an improvement to offer a breakdown of the results based on the obtained demographic data, though the task may have over-complicated the results. Overall this research presents worthy information that should prove